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1.
Article | IMSEAR | ID: sea-201228

ABSTRACT

Background: Poor hygiene practices and inadequate sanitary conditions play an important role in the increased burden of communicable diseases in developing countries. The aim and objectives of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices related to prevention of parasitic infestations among school children in an urban area of Kancheepuram district. Formulation of suitable preventive measures based on the inferences derived from the study.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on school children belonging to standard sixth to eighth of Sree Lakshmi Ammal school, Chrompet. The study period was from August 1st to 4th 2018. The sample size obtained was 210. Convenient sampling method was used to collect the sample. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect the data regarding knowledge, attitude and practices related to prevention of parasitic infestations among school children. Assessment of personal hygiene was done by scoring system. Data entry was done in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and data was analysed by SPSS version 22.Results: Total number of children participated in the present study were 210. Among the children participated in the present study, 92.4% of children had a good knowledge of personal hygiene, 96.7% of children had a positive attitude towards personal hygiene and 81.4% of children had a good practice of personal hygiene.Conclusions: Nearly half of the children involved in the study practised open defecation, so they should be given proper health education regarding usage of sanitary latrines

2.
West Indian med. j ; 67(spe): 488-492, 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1045874

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Increasing life-expectancy globally and in the Caribbean region has led to an increased proportion of the population being categorized as elderly. The ageing population frequently require elective and emergency surgical procedures often with considerable morbidity and mortality. The amount of strain this paradigm can cause in any healthcare system is a huge challenge for the coming generations. In the Caribbean Islands, these challenges are compounded by several unique factors. This article reviews the impact of ageing upon surgery and associated specialties including anaesthesia and intensive care, with special reference to the Caribbean healthcare sector and attempts to provide some suggestions to mitigate such challenges in the near future.


RESUMEN El aumento de la expectativa de vida tanto a nivel mundial como en la región del Caribe ha llevado a una mayor proporción de la población en la categoría de ancianos. La población en proceso de envejecimiento frecuentemente requiere procedimientos quirúrgicos electivos y de emergencia, acompañados a menudo de considerable morbilidad y mortalidad. La tremenda tensión que este paradigma puede causar en cualquier sistema de salud representa un desafío enorme para las generaciones venideras. En las islas del Caribe, estos desafíos se agravan por varios factores únicos. Este artículo examina el impacto del envejecimiento en la cirugía y las especialidades asociadas incluyendo anestesia y cuidados intensivos, con especial referencia al sector de la salud del Caribe, a la par que persigue brindar algunas sugerencias para mitigar estos desafíos en un futuro cercano.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Surgical Procedures, Operative/statistics & numerical data , Life Expectancy , Frail Elderly , Hospital Mortality , Risk Factors
3.
Indian J Cancer ; 2014 Oct-Dec; 51(4): 538-541
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-172541

ABSTRACT

INTRODUTION: The incidence of colorectal cancer in India is lower compared to the Western world. In Western countries, most cases of colorectal cancer are sporadic and the hereditary variety accounts for only 10‑15% of all cases. The aim of the present review is to determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hereditary colorectal cancer in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A Medline search was conducted to review the literature published from India regarding colorectal cancer. The keywords used included India, colorectal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis, and familial adenomatous polyposis. All relevant articles were reviewed and the characteristic features of this disease in Indian population were collated and presented. RESULTS: Literature search revealed eighty two articles pertinent to India, of which only ten articles had relevant information on hereditary cancers. Although the overall incidence of colorectal cancer was low in both genders, there were a high proportion of patients developing colorectal cancer before the age of 45 years. Additionally, there was a higher proportion (10‑15%) of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer cases, as confirmed by microsatellite instability. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of colorectal cancer is low in India. There is a tendency to affect a relatively younger age group, and we infer that the incidence of hereditary colorectal cancer is high and is similar to the Western countries.

4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-148164

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: Pre-clinical toxicology evaluation of biotechnology products is a challenge to the toxicologist. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the safety profile of the first indigenously developed recombinant DNA anti-rabies vaccine [DRV (100 μg)] and combination rabies vaccine [CRV (100 μg DRV and 1.25 IU of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine)], which are intended for clinical use by intramuscular route in Rhesus monkeys. Methods: As per the regulatory requirements, the study was designed for acute (single dose - 14 days), sub-chronic (repeat dose - 28 days) and chronic (intended clinical dose - 120 days) toxicity tests using three dose levels, viz. therapeutic, average (2x therapeutic dose) and highest dose (10 x therapeutic dose) exposure in monkeys. The selection of the model i.e. monkey was based on affinity and rapid higher antibody response during the efficacy studies. An attempt was made to evaluate all parameters which included physical, physiological, clinical, haematological and histopathological profiles of all target organs, as well as Tiers I, II, III immunotoxicity parameters. Results: In acute toxicity there was no mortality in spite of exposing the monkeys to 10XDRV. In sub chronic and chronic toxicity studies there were no abnormalities in physical, physiological, neurological, clinical parameters, after administration of test compound in intended and 10 times of clinical dosage schedule of DRV and CRV under the experimental conditions. Clinical chemistry, haematology, organ weights and histopathology studies were essentially unremarkable except the presence of residual DNA in femtogram level at site of injection in animal which received 10X DRV in chronic toxicity study. No Observational Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) of DRV is 1000 ug/dose (10 times of therapeutic dose) if administered on 0, 4, 7, 14, 28th day. Interpretation & conclusions: The information generated by this study not only draws attention to the need for national and international regulatory agencies in formulating guidelines for pre-clinical safety evaluation of biotech products but also facilitates the development of biopharmaceuticals as safe potential therapeutic agents.

5.
Indian J Cancer ; 2011 Jul-Sept; 48(3): 345-350
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-144493

ABSTRACT

Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are the nodes in direct communication with the primary tumor and are therefore the first group of nodes to be involved in lymphatic metastasis. Though the role of SLN biopsy is well established in cancers of the breast and melanoma, its role in gastrointestinal malignancies is still evolving and controversial. In this paper, the literature is reviewed with respect to the status of SLN biopsy in gastrointestinal malignancies.

6.
West Indian med. j ; 59(1): 67-72, Jan. 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672568

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine the pattern of current red cell transfusion practices in an adult intensive care unit (ICU) in Trinidad and the impact of phlebotomy on transfusions. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted over a six-month period to include all patients who received transfusions in the ICU of Port-of-Spain General Hospital, Trinidad. Demographic data including age, gender and weight were recorded. Clinical data recorded were the admission APACHE II scores, daily phlebotomy volumes, haemoglobin levels, transfusions and outcome during the first thirty days following ICU admission. Patients were grouped according to diagnoses and transfusion patterns. RESULTS: Of 134 patients admitted, 40 (29.8%) were transfused packed red cells 18 (29%) of the requests were for single unit transfusion. The mean phlebotomy volume was 13.5 ± 4.3 (SD) mL day. The adjusted phlebotomy volume to body weight did not correlate with the amount of transfusions. The mean haemoglobin level for triggering blood transfusion was 6.73 g dL. The mean transfusion rate was 2.9 ± 1.8 (SD) units per patient. Ten per cent of the patients received more than 5 units. Twenty nine per cent of the units were transfused on the first day of ICU admission and 69% were transfused during the first week of ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS: Transfusion practices in the study ICU pointed towards a restrictive strategy, although there were some inappropriate transfusions. The phlebotomy volumes did not contribute towards transfusion requirements.


OBJETIVOS: Determinar el patrón de las prácticas actuales de transfusión de glóbulos rojos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) para adultos en Trinidad y el impacto de la flebotomía en las transfusiones. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional prospectivo por un periodo de seis meses, que incluyó a todos los pacientes que recibieron transfusiones en la UCI del Hospital General de Puerto España, Trinidad. Se registraron los datos demográficos, incluyendo edad, género y peso. Los datos clínicos recogidos fueron las puntuaciones APACHE II a la hora del ingreso, los volúmenes de flebotomía diarios, los niveles de hemoglobina, las transfusiones y el resultado durante los primeros treinta días tras el ingreso a la UCI. Los pacientes fueron agrupados según los diagnósticos y patrones de transfusión. RESULTADOS: De 134 pacientes ingresados, a un total de 40 (29.8%) se les transfundió glóbulos rojos empaquetados; 18 (29%) de las solicitudes fueron para una transfusión de una sola unidad. El volumen promedio de flebotomías fue 13.5 ± 4.3 (SD) mL/día. El volumen de flebotomía ajustado al peso del cuerpo no guardaba correlación con la cantidad de transfusiones. El nivel promedio de hemoglobina para realizar la transfusión de sangre fue 6.73 g/dL, la tasa promedio de transfusión fue 2.9 ± 1.8 (SD) unidades por paciente. El diez por ciento de los pacientes recibió más de 5 unidades. El veintinueve por ciento de las unidades fueron transfundidas en el primer día de admisión a la UCI, y el 69% se transfundió durante la primera semana de estancia en la UCI. CONCLUSIONES: Las prácticas de la transfusión en la UCI de estudio, apuntaron hacia una estrategia restrictiva, aunque hubo algunas transfusiones impropias. Los volúmenes de flebotomía no contribuyeron a los requisitos de la transfusión.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Erythrocyte Transfusion/methods , Intensive Care Units , Phlebotomy/methods , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/statistics & numerical data , APACHE , Prospective Studies , Statistics, Nonparametric , Trinidad and Tobago
7.
West Indian med. j ; 58(2): 173-178, Mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672463

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVE: To evaluate the outcome of patients who have undergone a tracheostomy in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) and to determine the difference between an early and late tracheostomy. DESIGN AND METHODS: All patients who had tracheostomy in the ICU of The Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad and Tobago, over a five-year period were retrospectively analysed. Data recorded included demographics, admission diagnoses, Glasgow Coma Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Paediatric Index of Mortality II score, indication for endotracheal intubation and tracheostomy and the day it was performed, ICU and hospital length of stay and observed mortality. Predicted mortality was calculated. A comparison was made of patients who had tracheostomy before and after ten days following ICU admission. Validation of the prognostic models was done by Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: One thousand six-hundred and fourteen patients were admitted to ICU during the study period; 51 patients (3%) underwent tracheostomy, of which 48 were studied. The overall mortality was 19.1% and 40.6% in tracheostomised patients. Patients who had tracheostomy within ten days had a significantly lesser predicted mortality and shorter ICU length of stay than those who had it after ten days (p = 0.01). The observed mortality was also significantly less in early-tracheostomised patients (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Tracheostomy should ideally be done within ten days following ICU admission when there is a clear need and indication for the procedure. Further delay may contribute adversely to the ICU morbidity and mortality.


OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evolución clínica de pacientes a los que se le ha practicado la traqueotomía en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) multidisciplinaria, y determinar la diferencia entre una traqueotomía temprana y una tardía. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes que tuvieron traqueotomía en la UCI del Complejo de Ciencias Médicas Eric Williams de Trinidad y Tobago, por un período de más de cinco años. Los datos registrados incluían información demográfica, diagnósticos de ingreso, la Puntuación de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow, la Puntuación II para la Evolución de la Salud Crónica y la Fisiología Aguda, la Puntuación II del Índice Pediátrico de Mortalidad, la indicación de la entubación endotraqueal y la traqueotomía, así como el día en que fuera realizada, la UCI y el tiempo de hospitalización, y la mortalidad observada. Se calculó la mortalidad predicha. Se hizo una comparación de los pacientes que tuvieron traqueotomía antes y después de diez días luego de su ingreso a la UCI. Se realizó una validación de los modelos prognósticos mediante el análisis de la curva de las características operativas del receptor (ROC). RESULTADOS: Mil seiscientos catorce pacientes fueron ingresados a la UCI durante el período bajo estudio; a 51 pacientes (3%) les fue practicada la traqueotomía, y de ellos 48 fueron estudiados. La mortalidad fue 19.1% en general y 40.6% en pacientes traqueotomizados. Los pacientes que tuvieron traqueotomía dentro de los diez días tuvieron una mortalidad predicha significativamente menor, y una estadía hospitalaria más corta que los que tuvieron la traqueotomía luego de los diez (p = 0.01). La mortalidad observada fue también significativamente menor en los pacientes traqueotomizados tempranamente (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONES: La traqueotomía debe realizarse dentro de los diez días posteriores al ingreso a la UCI, cuando la necesidad y la indicación del procedimiento estén claras. Cualquier demora más allá de este límite, puede contribuir de manera adversa a la morbilidad y la mortalidad en la UCI.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Tracheostomy , Health Status Indicators , Hospital Mortality , Intensive Care Units , Length of Stay , Prognosis , ROC Curve , Retrospective Studies , Tracheostomy/mortality , Treatment Outcome , Trinidad and Tobago
8.
West Indian med. j ; 58(1): 13-16, Jan. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672430

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: This paper seeks to quantify the reliability of the assessment of students' answers to essay-type questions, in an attempt to define the role of such questions in University examinations. METHODS: The marks awarded for essay-type questions during three consecutive final undergraduate examinations in surgery were analyzed. The mean scores, 95% confidence intervals and the standard error of the mean were calculated to determine the distribution of the marks. Statistical analysis was used to determine the correlation of the marks awarded for the same answer by different markers and deduce the dependability of this method of testing. RESULTS: The marks awarded to 233 answer papers were available for analysis. The marks awarded by each pair of examiners for student answers to individual questions coincided on only 46.3% of occasions, but varied within just ± 5% on 90.7% of occasions. Use of the kappa index to determine the agreement between markers produced a value of just 0.385, well short of the ideal of 1.0. Assessment of the overall reliability of this type of examination by Cronbach's reliability coefficent gave a value of 0.672. CONCLUSION: There was a significant variation among markers in the evaluation of answers to essay-type questions. However, the overall test reliability was acceptable enough to justify continuation of this type of assessment as a supplement to other methods.


INTRODUCCIÓN: Este trabajo busca cuantificar la confiabilidad de la evaluación de las respuestas de los estudiantes a las preguntas de ensayo, en un intento por definir el papel de este tipo de preguntas en los exámenes de la Universidad. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las notas otorgadas en cirugía a las preguntas de ensayo durante los tres exámenes finales consecutivos de pregrado. Se calcularon los puntajes promedio, intervalos de confianza de 95%, y el error estándar de la media, con el fin de determinar la distribución de las notas. Se usó el análisis estadístico para determinar la correlación de las notas dadas a las mismas respuestas por diferentes evaluadores, y para deducir la confiabilidad de este método de evaluación. RESULTADOS: Las notas otorgadas a 233 pruebas respondidas fueron puestas a disposición para su análisis. Las notas dadas por cada par de examinadores a las respuestas de los estudiantes a las preguntas individuales, coincidieron sólo en 46.3% de las ocasiones, pero variaron en justamente ± 5% en 90.7% de las ocasiones. El uso del índice de Kappa para determinar el acuerdo entre evaluadores, produjo un valor de sólo 0.385, bien lejos del ideal 1.0. La evaluación de la confiabilidad general de este tipo de examen, mediante el coeficiente de confiabilidad de Cronbach, arrojó un valor de 0.672. CONCLUSIÓN: Hubo una variación significativa entre los evaluadores a la hora de calificar las respuestas a las preguntas de ensayo. Sin embargo, la confiabilidad de la prueba en general fue suficientemente aceptable para justificar que se continúe con este tipo de evaluación como un complemento de otros métodos.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Educational Measurement/methods , Writing , Reproducibility of Results , Schools, Medical , West Indies
9.
West Indian med. j ; 57(2): 112-117, Mar. 2008. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672317

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To study the utilization pattern and the cost of sedatives, analgesics and neuromuscular blocking agents in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit (ICU) METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in the ICU of the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, Trinidad and Tobago, for a period of twelve weeks. All patients admitted to the ICU were enrolled. No interventions were done. Data collected included demographics, diagnoses on admission, length of stay in the ICU, status of mechanical ventilation, patient outcome, quantity of sedatives, analgesics and neuromuscular blocking agents used in every patient and their cost. RESULTS: There were 333 patient-days encountered from 34 patients studied. Midazolam, fentanyl and cisatracurium were the most commonly used sedative, opioid and neuromuscular blocking agents respectively. The total cost of drugs used for sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular blockade was approximately US$ 19 600 per annum. Cost for this treatment alone accounted for more than 50% of the total ICU drug costs. The costs were significantly higher in patients who stayed more than two weeks in the ICU when compared to those who stayed less than two weeks (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the utilization pattern and financial burden of sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular blockade in the delivery of critical care.


OBJETIVOS: Estudiar el patrón de utilización y costo de los sedantes, analgésicos, y agentes de bloqueo neuromuscular en una Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo en la UCI del Complejo de Ciencias Médicas Eric Williams, en Trinidad y Tobago, por un período de doce semanas. Todos los pacientes ingresados a la UCI fueron enrolados. No se realizaron intervenciones. Los datos recogidos incluyeron demografías, diagnósticos de ingreso, longitud de la estadía en la UCI, estatus de ventilación mecánica, evolución del paciente, así como la cantidad y el costo de los sedantes, analgésicos y agentes de bloqueo neuromuscular usados en cada paciente. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 333 días-pacientes a partir de 34 pacientes estudiados. La midazolama, el fentanil y el cisatracurio fueron los agentes sedativos, opioides y de bloqueo neuromuscular más comúnmente usados. El costo total de los medicamentos usados para la sedación, la analgesia y el bloqueo neuromuscular fue de aproximadamente $19 600 USD por año. El costo sólo para este tratamiento representó más del 50% del total de los costos de medicamentos de la UCI. Los costos fueron significativamente más altos en pacientes que permanecieron más de dos semanas en la UCI, en comparación con aquellos que permanecieron menos de dos semanas (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: El estudio pone de relieve el patrón de utilización de la carga financiera de la sedación, analgesia y bloqueo muscular a la hora de ofrecer atención crítica.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Analgesics, Opioid/economics , Hypnotics and Sedatives/economics , Intensive Care Units/economics , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/economics , Costs and Cost Analysis , Drug Utilization , Length of Stay/economics , Prospective Studies
10.
West Indian med. j ; 57(1): 14-19, Jan. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-672349

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To introduce the " virtual goniometer" , a method of measuring angles on digital images using Microsoft PowerPoint, a readily available and inexpensive software programme. METHODS: Twenty-six X-rays of scoliosis curves were photographed with a digital camera. Six examiners measured the angles of curvature on their computers using the goniometer (Set 1). Under a blinded protocol, repeated measurements on these digitalized X-rays were done three weeks later (Set 2). Intra-observer differences were analyzed. To assess validity, four examiners also measured the angles using the Cobb method. Measurements achieved by both methods were analyzed by the paired samples t-test. To assess inter-observer differences, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated. RESULTS: Pearson correlation coefficients were significant, r (24) $ 0.975, p < 0.001. For intra-observer variability, the average 95% CI range was 2.23 degrees between Set 1 and Set 2. The average 95% CI range was 2.38 degrees for the difference between the digital and Cobb methods. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians using this technique can reliably assume that repeated measurements of scoliosis curvatures will vary in the range of less than 3 degrees. The 95% CI range for intra-observer variability, an index of the technique’s repeatability, was $ 2.4 degrees. A high correlation of measurements can also be expected between different observers with the goniometer. This new technique allows practitioners to utilize an easily accessible computer programme to evaluate angular deformities on digitalized radiographic images accurately and hence reliably make clinical decisions based on these measurements.


OBJETIVOS: Introducir el " goniómetro virtual" , un método de medición de ángulos sobre imágenes digitales usando Microsoft Power Point, un programa de software no costoso y fácilmente disponible. MÉTODOS: Veintiséis rayos X de curvas de escoliosis fueron fotografiados con una cámara digital. Seis examinadores midieron los ángulos de curvatura en sus computadoras usando el goniómetro (Set 1). Bajo un protocolo ciego, se realizaron mediciones repetidas de estos rayos X digitalizados, tres semanas más tarde (Set 2). Se analizaron las diferencias intra-observador. Para evaluar la validez, cuatro examinadores también midieron los ángulos usando el método de Cobb. Las mediciones logradas por ambos métodos fueron analizadas mediante la prueba de t de muestras pareadas. Para evaluar las diferencias inter-observador, se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson fueron significativos, r (24) $ 0.975, p < 0.001. Para la variabilidad intra-observador, el 95% promedio del rango del CI fue de 2.23 grados entre el Set 1 y el Set 2. El 95% promedio del rango del CI fue de 2.38 grados para la diferencia entre el método digital y el método de Cobb. CONCLUSIONES: Los clínicos que usen esta técnica, pueden con toda confiabilidad asumir que las mediciones repetidas de las curvaturas de escoliosis variarán en un rango menor de 3 grados. El 95% del rango del CI para la variabilidad intra-observador Â- un índice de la repetibilidad de la técnica Â- fue $ 2.4 grados. También puede esperarse una alta correlación de las mediciones, entre diferentes observadores con el goniómetro. Esta nueva técnica permite a los practicantes utilizar un programa de computación fácilmente accesible a fin de evaluar con precisión las deformidades angulares en imágenes radiográficas digitalizadas, y tomar por lo tanto decisiones clínicas de modo confiable a partir de estas mediciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Arthrometry, Articular/methods , Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods , Software , Arthrometry, Articular/instrumentation , Fractures, Bone/pathology , Fractures, Bone , Observer Variation , Scoliosis/pathology , Scoliosis , Sensitivity and Specificity
12.
West Indian med. j ; 56(3): 240-245, Jun. 2007.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-476318

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of a multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit (ICU) by applying the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM)--version-2 scoring systems. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two-hundred and seventeen patients admitted consecutively to the ICU during a period of one year were included for prospective data collection. Data recorded were demographics, diagnoses at admission, APACHE II score for adults and PIM -2 score for children, the duration of ICU stay and hospital outcome. Predicted mortality and standardized mortality ratios were calculated. Calibration and discriminant function of the systems were done by Hosmer-Lemeshow analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: In adults, the mean APACHE II score was 14.3 +/- 8.3; in survivors, it was 8.7 +/- 5.9 (SD) when compared to 21.2 +/- 5.9 (SD) in non-survivors (p < 0.0001). The predicted mortality in adults by APACHE II was 16.5%, the observed mortality being 19.8%. The predicted mortality by the PIM-2 in children was 34.8% with the observed mortality rate being 30%. The overall mean duration of stay was 5.2 +/- 7.5 days. The goodness-of-fit for APACHE II and PIM-2 systems were fair (HL chi-square, p = 0.71, 0.69, respectively). The area under the ROC curve was 0.88 for APACHE II and 0.62 for PIM-2. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of risk-adjusted outcome in multidisciplinary ICUs is challenging because of the need to apply more than one prognostic scoring system.


Objetivo: Evaluar el resultado clínico de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) multidisciplinaria, aplicando la versión 2 de los sistemas de puntuación de la Evaluación de la fisiología aguda y la enfermedad crónica, versión II (conocida por su sigla en inglés como APACHE II) y del Índice Pediátrico de Mortalidad (IPM). Sujetos y Métodos: Doscientos diecisiete pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en la UCI durante un período de un año fueron incluidos en la recopilación de datos prospectivos. Los datos registrados fueron la demografía, los diagnósticos de ingreso, la puntuación APACHE II para adultos y la puntuación IPM-2 para niños, la duración de la estadía en la UCI, y el resultado de la hospitalización. Se calcularon las proporciones (ratios) de mortalidad predicha y mortalidad estandarizada. La calibración y la función discriminante de los sistemas se realizaron mediante el análisis Hosmer-Lemeshow y las curvas de características operativas del receptor (ROC). Resultados: En los adultos, la puntuación APACHE II media fue 14.3 ± 8.3; en los sobrevivientes fue 8.7 ± 5.9 (SD) en comparación con 21.2 ± 5.9 (SD) en los no sobrevivientes, (p < 0.0001). La mor-talidad predicha en los adultos por APACHE II fue 16.5%, siendo la mortalidad observada 19.8%. La mortalidad predicha para los niños según IPM-2 fue 34.8% con una tasa de mortalidad observada de 30%. La duración general promedio de estadía fue 5.2 ± 7.5 días. La bondad de ajuste para los sistemas APACHE II y IPM-2 fue aceptable (HL chi-square, p = 0.71, 0.69, respectivamente). El área bajo la curva de ROC fue 0.88 para APACHE II y 0.62 para IPM-2


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adult , Middle Aged , Child Health , Patient Care Team , Mortality/trends , Treatment Outcome , Intensive Care Units , APACHE , ROC Curve , Prospective Studies , Health Status Indicators , Risk Assessment , Prognosis , Length of Stay
13.
West Indian med. j ; 56(2): 144-151, Mar. 2007. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-476415

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate resources and utilization of Intensive Care Units in Trinidad and Tobago. DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study to evaluate Intensive Care Units (ICU) of three public and two private hospitals in Trinidad with respect to their infrastructure, process of care and patient outcome. Structure of ICUs was assessed by interviews and personal observations. A Cost Block Model was used to determine the expenditure for ICUs. The process of ICU was assessed by Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS-28). For outcome evaluation, two prognostic scoring systems namely Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS II) and Paediatric Index of Mortality-2 (PIM-2) were used RESULTS: The total number of ICU beds was 27. The overall bed occupancy was 66.2%. One hundred and eighteen patients consecutively admitted to ICU during a two-month period were enrolled for process and outcome evaluation. The overall median age of patients was 44 years [Interquartile range (IQR) 25, 59]. The mean cost per patient in the public hospitals was TT $64,746 compared to $77,000 in a private hospital. The average total daily TISS per patient was 27.01 +/- 5.4 (SD). The median length of stay was five days (IQR 2, 9). The overall predicted mortality was 32.9%, the observed mortality was 29.7% and thus the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 0.9. CONCLUSIONS: The overall bed availability in ICUs with respect to Trinidad and Tobago's population and case-mix is low compared to developed countries, although the process of ICU care is comparable. Outcome of patients was good in terms of risk-adjusted mortality. The study highlights the need to further increase bed-strength and optimize the resource utilization of ICUs in Trinidad and Tobago.


OBJETIVOS: Evaluar los recursos y su utilización en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en Trinidad y Tobago. DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo observacional con el propósito de evaluar las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos de tres hospitales públicos y dos privados en Trinidad, con respecto a su infraestructura, proceso de cuidado y respuesta clínica (resultado) del paciente. La estructura de las UCIs fue evaluada mediante entrevistas y observaciones personales. Un modelo de bloques del costo fue usado a fin de determinar los gastos en relación con las UCIs. El proceso de la UCI fue evaluado mediante el Sistema de Puntuación de Intervención Terapéutica (TISS-28). Para la evalua-ción del resultado clínico, se utilizaron dos sistemas de puntuación pronóstica, a saber, la puntuación simplificada de fisiología aguda (SAPS II) y el Índice Pediátrico de Mortalidad (PIM2). RESULTADOS: El número total de camas de UCI fue 27. La ocupación general de las camas fue de 66.2%. Los ciento dieciocho pacientes ingresados consecutivamente en la UCI durante un período de dos meses, fueron incorporados a la evaluación del proceso y los resultados. La edad mediana general de todos los pacientes fue de 44 años y el rango intercuartil (IQR) 25,59. El costo medio por paciente en los hospitales públicos fue TT $64 746 en comparación con $ 77 000 en un hospital privado. Según el TISS, el total promedio diario por paciente fue 27.01 ± 5.4 (SD). El tiempo mediano de estadía fue de 5 días (IQR 2, 9). La mortalidad general anticipada fue de 32.9%, la mortalidad observada fue de 29.7%, y por consiguiente la razón de mortalidad estandarizada (SMR) fue 0.9. CONCLUSIONES: La disponibilidad total de camas en las UCIs con respecto a la población y la casuística de Trinidad y Tobago, es baja en comparación con los países en desarrollo, aunque el proceso de cuidado de las UCIs es comparable. El resultado clínico de los pacientes fue bueno en términos de la...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Hospitals, Private , Hospitals, Public , Bed Occupancy/statistics & numerical data , Health Resources , Intensive Care Units , APACHE , Health Care Costs , Prospective Studies , Prognosis , Length of Stay , Trinidad and Tobago , Intensive Care Units/economics , Severity of Illness Index
15.
West Indian med. j ; 55(5): 298-304, Oct. 2006. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-501007

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To review the evolution of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery with particular reference to the anaesthetic and perioperative implications. FINDINGS: After review of the literature regarding coronary artery bypass grafting, the adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the various systems are discussed The development and the present status of off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and its anaesthetic implications are reviewed These are discussed under the categories of preoperative, intra-operative and postoperative concerns. In Trinidad and Tobago, various cardiac surgical teams from different parts of the world conduct cardiac surgery. The cardiac anaesthesia team therefore has the unique opportunity of working with several teams who employ different techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting surgery has distinct anaesthetic implications. In Trinidad and Tobago, the majority (85%) of the coronary revascularization surgeries are being done by this technique. Because of the lower cost and improved outcomes, this technique could be recommended to other developing countries of the region.


Objetivos: Examinar la evolución de la cirugía de bypass coronario (revascularización coronaria) sin circulación extracorpórea, con referencia particular a las implicaciones anestésicas y perioperatorias. Hallazgos: Tras examinar la literatura en relación con el bypass coronario con injerto, se discuten los efectos adversos del bypass cardiopulmonar en los distintos sistemas. Se analiza el desarrollo y el estatus presente de la cirugía de bypass coronario sin circulación extracorpórea (“sin bomba”) y sus implicaciones anestésicas. El análisis se realiza bajo las categorías de problemas pre-operatorios, intra-operatorios y post-operatorios. En Trinidad y Tobago, varios equipos de cirugía cardiaca de diferentes partes del mundo llevan a cabo cirugía cardiaca. Por lo tanto, el equipo que tiene a su cargo la anestesia durante las intervenciones quirúrgicas del corazón tiene la oportunidad excepcional de trabajar con varios equipos que emplean diferentes técnicas. Conclusiones: La cirugía de injerto de bypass coronario sin circulación extracorpórea tiene claras implicaciones anestésicas. En Trinidad y Tobago, la mayoría (85%) de las cirugías de revascularización coronaria, se realizan mediante esta técnica. Debido a su bajo costo y al mejoramiento en sus resultados, esta técnica podría recomendarse a los países en desarrollo de la región.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Anesthesia, General/methods , Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump/methods , Monitoring, Intraoperative , Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump/instrumentation , Trinidad and Tobago
16.
West Indian med. j ; 55(1): 42-47, Jan. 2006.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-472671

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices among medical students in relation to medical ethics and law. The results of the study will be a useful guide to tutors of medical students and curricula designers. METHODS: A thirty-item self-administered questionnaire about knowledge of law and ethics, and the role of an ethics committee in the healthcare system was devised, tested and distributed to all levels of students and staff at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados (a tertiary care teaching hospital) in 2003. The data from the completed questionnaires were entered into an SPSS database and analyzed using frequency and multiple cross-tabulation tables. RESULTS: Completed responses were obtained from 55 (96) of the medical students. Medical students generally attested to the importance of ethical knowledge but felt that they knew little of the law. Students varied widely as regards the frequency with which they saw ethical or legal problems, with a quarter seeing them infrequently, but another quarter seeing them every day. They received their knowledge from multiple sources and particularly from lectures/seminars, and found case conferences the most helpful. Only a few students felt that text books had been helpful. Students were generally knowledgeable about most ethical issues, but many had uncertainties on how to deal with religious differences in treating patients, on the information to be given to relatives, and how violent patients should be treated. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study highlight that medical students felt an inadequacy of knowledge of law as it pertains to their chosen career Since most of their knowledge of law was obtained from lectures, these should be reviewed and other avenues of tuition explored. The study also highlights the need to identify the minority of students who have problems with their ethical knowledge and to devise means whereby any deficiencies can be discussed and...


OBJETIVOS: El propósito de este estudio es evaluar los conocimientos, las actitudes y la práctica entre los estudiantes de medicina en relación con la ética y las leyes en el campo de la medicina. Los resultados del estudio serán una guía útil para los tutores de los estudiantes de medicina y los diseñadores de currículos de estudios. MÉTODOS: Una encuesta auto-administrada de treinta puntos sobre los conocimientos de leyes y ética, y el papel de un comité de ética en el sistema de atención a la salud, fue diseñada, probada y distribuida a todos los niveles entre los estudiantes y el personal del Hospital Queen Elizabeth en Barbados (un hospital docente de atención terciaria) en 2003. Los datos de las encuestas completadas fueron introducidos en una base de datos de SPSS, y analizados usando tablas de frecuencia y tablas múltiples de tabulación cruzada. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron cuestionarios respondidos por parte de 55 (96%) de los estudiantes de medicina. Los estudiantes de medicina por lo general atestiguaron la importancia de los conocimientos éticos, pero sentían que sabían poco de las leyes. Hubo grandes diferencias entre los estudiantes con respecto a la frecuencia con que veían problemas éticos o legales – una cuarta parte de ellos señalando que no los veía frecuentemente, y otra cuarta parte indicando que los veía todos los días. Ellos recibieron sus conocimiento de múltiples fuentes – especialmente de conferencias y seminarios – y encontraron que las conferencias sobres casos, fueron las más útiles en tal sentido. Sólo unos pocos estudiantes fueron del parecer de que los libros de texto habían sido útiles. Por lo general, los estudiantes se mostraron conocedores de la mayoría de los problemas éticos, pero muchos manifestaron incertidumbre en cuanto a cómo abordar las diferencias religiosas al tratar con los pacientes, qué información dar a los familiares, y cómo debían ser tratados los pacientes violentos...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Students, Medical/psychology , Legislation, Medical , Ethics, Medical/education , Barbados , Data Collection , Ethics Committees, Clinical , Hospitals, Teaching , Surveys and Questionnaires
17.
West Indian med. j ; 55(1): 25-29, Jan. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-472674

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and costs incurred for patients who stayed for a prolonged period in a surgical intensive care unit (ICU). DESIGN AND METHODS: Data of all patients admitted to a surgical ICU in Barbados during the period of two years from July 1999 to June 2001 were prospectively collected. Demographic data, diagnoses on admission and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score were recorded. Costs for treatment were calculated from using a cost block model. The characteristics of patients who had a prolonged stay (> 14 days) were compared with a concurrent cohort of patients who stayed less than 14 days. RESULTS: Of 438 admissions, 58 (13.2) stayed in the ICU for more than two weeks. The overall age, hospital outcome, APACHE II scores in the prolonged stay group were significantly higher than that of the patients who stayed less than two weeks. Cost analysis showed about six times more expenditure in the long stay patients (dollar US 3800 vs dollar US 24000). Of the prolonged stay ICU patients, 29.2would have required only a step-down unit due to less severity of illness as evidenced by their low mean APACHE II scores [7.3 +/- 2.6 (SD)] compared to overall mean APACHE II score 10.7 +/- 7.5 (SD). CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the need for a step-down unit and a protocol to transfer eligible patients to such a unit.


OBJETIVO: Evaluar las características clínicas y costos en que incurren los pacientes que permanecen un periodo prolongado de tiempo en una unidad quirúrgica de cuidados intensivos (UCI). DISEÑO Y MÉTODOS: Los datos de todos los pacientes ingresados en una UCI en Barbados durante el período de dos años de julio de 1999 a junio de 2001 de junio, fueron recopilados de manera prospectiva. Se registraron los datos demográficos, los diagnósticos al momento del ingreso, y la puntuación APACHE II. Se calcularon los costos del tratamiento mediante un modelo de bloques del costo. Las características de los pacientes que tuvieron una estancia prolongada (> 14 días) fueron comparadas con una cohorte concurrente de pacientes que permanecieron menos de 14 días. RESULTADOS: De 438 admisiones, 58 (13.2%) permaneció en la UCI por más de dos semanas. La edad general, el resultado hospitalario y la puntuación APACHE II fueron significativamente más altos en el grupo de estancia prolongada que en el de los pacientes que permanecieron menos de dos semanas. El análisis del costo mostró aproximadamente seis veces más gastos en relación con los pacientes de estancia prolongada ($3800 usd vs. 2 4000 usd). El 29.2% de los pacientes que tuvieron una estancia prolongada en la UCI, habrían requerido sólo un área de recuperación de fase II con una labor menos intensiva (step-down) debido al carácter menos severo de la enfermedad, tal cual lo pone de manifiesto la media baja de sus puntuaciones APACHE II [7.3 ± 2.6 (SD)] en comparación con la media general de la puntuación APACHE II (0.7 ± 7.5 (SD). CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio puso de relieve la necesidad de una unidad de recuperación de fase II (step-down) y un protocolo para transferir a los pacientes elegibles para esa unidad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Postoperative Care/methods , Critical Illness , Utilization Review , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units , APACHE , Barbados/epidemiology , Postoperative Care/economics , Prospective Studies , Time Factors , Hospital Mortality , Length of Stay/economics , Intensive Care Units/economics
18.
West Indian med. j ; 53(2): 100-103, Mar. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410528

ABSTRACT

A retrospective study of all patients admitted with hip fractures to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Barbados from January 1996 to December 1998 was conducted. There were 110 patients who had sustained either a femoral neck or peri-trochanteric fracture. The mean age was 80.7 years and 71.8 of the patients were women. Mortality at six months in 110 patients was 32.7 and 41.2 at 12 months in 102 patients. Forty-nine patients had open reduction and internal fixation of their fractures, forty-five patients were treated with Austin Moore prostheses and one patient had excisional arthroplasty. Patients with pre-operative cardiac abnormalities had a significantly higher mortality (60) at 12 months (p = 0.028). There was a linear correlation between age and mortality with mortality increasing with age. The length of time from admission to surgical procedure had no significant influence on mortality. Hip-fracture patients with cardiac abnormalities should be carefully evaluated and stabilized pre-operatively


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Hip Fractures/mortality , Barbados/epidemiology , Chi-Square Distribution , Retrospective Studies , Hip Fractures/therapy
19.
Indian J Pediatr ; 1999 Nov-Dec; 66(6): 867-72
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-83710

ABSTRACT

A retrospective analysis of effectiveness of sequential chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin and etoposide in children with stage IV neuroblastoma was undertaken. Study group included 17 children of mores than one year old with median age of 3 years (range 18 months to 7 years). Fourteen were males and three females. Sites of primary tumor were abdomen in 12 patients, pelvis in 3, paravertebral in 1 and unknown in 1. Metastatic sites included bone marrow (88%), bone (82%), orbit (29.4%) and lymph node (11.7%). One patient had brain parenchymal disease and another had cerebrospinal fluid positivity for malignant cells. Fifteen of the 17 patients had major response with chemotherapy (complete response in two and partial response in 13). Ten of the 15 patients completed four courses of chemotherapy and five patients progressed while on chemotherapy and died. Only two of the ten patients, who had four courses chemotherapy are alive after 2 years. Hence the 2-year survival in this series is 11.7%. There was no toxic death in this study.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Neoplasm Staging , Neuroblastoma/drug therapy , Retrospective Studies
20.
Indian Pediatr ; 1995 Jun; 32(6): 666-71
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-13849

ABSTRACT

Thirty five children with ambiguous genitalia admitted to our centre between January 1986 to December 1991, were followed up and their clinical, laboratory and management strategies were analyzed. Most of them presented between 1 month and 2 years of age and only 2 presented in the newborn period. Sixteen were female pseudohermaphrodites. Eighteen out of 31 children were assigned female sex. One genetic female with congenital adrenal hyperplasia was assigned male sex. We practised more than one type of clitoroplasty in our centre. Parents prefer the intersex children to be reared as male possibly because of the less social stigma attached to an impotent male than to sterile female, and because males are socially independent.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital/complications , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Gender Identity , Genitalia/surgery , Gonadal Dysgenesis, Mixed/genetics , Disorders of Sex Development/genetics , Humans , India , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Disorders of Sex Development , Retrospective Studies
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